Which statement is an essential element of intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED)?

• A. Extreme and outrageous conduct
• B. Intent to cause emotional distress
• C. The plaintiff must suffer physical harm
• D. Premeditation of harm

Answer: (A)

Extreme and outrageous conduct is the essential element because IIED liability hinges on whether the defendant’s behavior goes beyond all bounds of decency in a civilized society. It’s the threshold that distinguishes mere hurt feelings or insults from conduct that can give rise to liability. The conduct must be so extreme and outrageous that a reasonable person would find it intolerable. Once that level is met, other elements come into play—intent or recklessness to cause distress, causation, and severe emotional distress—but the core hurdle is establishing outrageous conduct. Physical harm is not required, and premeditation isn’t a separate requirement.